Cua txias thiab lub Freezers
Kev tswj qhov kub thiab txias ntawm cov cua txias thiab cov tub yees yog pom tau los ntawm cov evaporation thiab condensation ntawm tooj liab raj hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Qhov luaj li cas thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov cua kub hloov pauv ntawm cov cua sov hloov cov raj txiav txim siab qhov ua tau zoo thiab kev ua haujlwm me me ntawm tag nrho cov tshuab cua txias thiab lub tub yees rau ib qho loj. Tag nrho cov tshuab no yog ua los ntawm cov yeeb nkab tshwj xeeb uas muaj cov thermal conductivity. Siv cov khoom ua haujlwm zoo ntawm cov hlau, tsis ntev los no tau tsim thiab tsim cov kav dej kub nrog cov grooves thiab cov fins siab, uas yog siv los tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sib hloov hauv cov cua txias, cov tub yees, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob pov tseg, uas tuaj yeem ua rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tshiab, tag nrho cov cua sov. Hloov cov coefficient ntawm kev sib hloov yog nce mus rau 2 mus rau 3 npaug ntawm cov raj zoo tib yam, thiab 1.2 txog 1.3 npaug ntawm cov raj qis qis. Nws tau siv hauv Suav teb, uas tuaj yeem txuag tau 40 feem pua ntawm tooj liab thiab txo qhov ntim ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob los ntawm 1/3 lossis ntau dua.
moos
Cov moos, chronographs thiab cov khoom siv nrog lub tshuab ua haujlwm clockwork yog tam sim no tsim, qhov chaw ua haujlwm feem ntau yog ua los ntawm "horological tooj dag". Cov hlau muaj 1.5-2 feem pua txhuas, muaj kev ua tau zoo thiab tsim nyog rau ntau lawm. Piv txwv li, cov iav raug txiav los ntawm cov hlau ntev ntev extruded, lub log tiaj tus yog xuas nrig los ntawm cov tuab tuab, lub ntsej muag lub ntsej muag yog ua los ntawm tooj dag lossis lwm yam tooj liab alloys, nrog rau cov ntsia hlau thiab cov pob qij txha, thiab lwm yam. Muaj ntau cov watches pheej yig tau ua. ntawm gunmetal (tin-zinc bronze), los yog nickel-silver plated (nickel-nickel). Qee lub tswb nrov yog ua los ntawm cov hlau thiab tooj liab alloys. Lub sij hawm tes ntawm British "Big Ben" yog ib rab phom phom, thiab tes tes yog 14-foot-ntev tooj liab raj.
Lub tuam txhab saib niaj hnub no siv tooj liab alloy ua cov khoom tseem ceeb, ua haujlwm nrog cov xovxwm thiab cov pwm meej, thiab tuaj yeem tsim 10, 000 txog 30, 000 watches ib hnub twg ntawm tus nqi qis heev.
ua ntawv
Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv tam sim no-hloov zej zog, kev siv ntawv yog loj heev. Daim ntawv zoo li yooj yim ntawm qhov chaw, tab sis cov txheej txheem papermaking yog qhov nyuaj heev. Nws yuav tsum tau mus dhau ntau cov kauj ruam thiab siv ntau lub tshuab, nrog rau cov cua txias, evaporators, beaters, ntawv tshuab thiab lwm yam. Ntau yam ntawm cov khoom no, xws li: ntau yam kev sib pauv cua sov, cov chais, cov khoom sib tw, cov twj tso kua mis ib nrab thiab cov xaim mesh, feem ntau yog ua los ntawm cov hlau alloys.
Piv txwv li, lub tshuab ntawv fourdrinier tam sim no siv tshuaj tsuag cov ntaub ntawv npaj rau hauv daim ntaub nrawm nrawm nrog cov mesh zoo (40-60 mesh). Lub mesh yog woven los ntawm tooj dag thiab phosphor bronze nyob ntawm tej. Nws qhov dav yog qhov loj heev, feem ntau ntau dua 20 ko taw (6 meters), thiab nws yuav tsum tau ua kom ncaj ncaj. Lub mesh txav mus los ntawm ib tug me me tooj dag los yog tooj liab rollers, thiab raws li nws hla nrog cov pulp txau rau ntawm nws, cov dej noo yog nqus tawm hauv qab. Lub mesh vibrates ib txhij los khi cov me me fibers nyob rau hauv lub pulp ua ke. Cov ntaub ntawv tshuab loj loj yog qhov loj, txog li 26 feet 8 ntiv tes (8. lm) dav thiab 100 ko taw (3 0.5 m) ntev. Daim ntawv ntub dej tsis yog tsuas yog muaj dej xwb, tab sis kuj muaj cov tshuaj siv hauv cov txheej txheem papermaking, uas yog corrosive heev. Txhawm rau kom paub meej cov ntawv zoo, cov kev xav tau ntawm cov khoom siv mesh yog nruj heev. Tsis tsuas yog nws yuav tsum muaj lub zog siab thiab elasticity, tab sis kuj yuav tsum tau tiv taus cov pulp corrosion, thiab tooj liab alloy muaj peev xwm.
luam tawm
Hauv kev luam ntawv, lub phaj tooj liab yog siv rau photolithography. Qhov saum npoo-polished tooj liab phaj yog sensitized nrog photosensitive emulsion, thiab cov duab yog yees duab rau nws. Photosensitive tooj liab phaj yuav tsum tau rhuab kom harden cov kua nplaum. Txhawm rau kom tsis txhob muaj cua sov softening, tooj liab feem ntau muaj me me ntawm cov nyiaj los yog arsenic kom nce qhov kub thiab txias. Tom qab ntawd, lub phaj yog etched los ua ib qho chaw luam ntawv nrog sub-patterns ntawm concave thiab convex dots.
Ntawm lub tshuab ntaus ntawv tsis siv neeg, cov txheej txheem ntawm tooj dag font blocks yog siv los ua cov txheej txheem, uas yog lwm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv tooj liab hauv kev luam ntawv. Hom blocks feem ntau yog tooj dag, qee zaum tooj liab lossis tooj liab.
brewing
Tooj liab ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv npias brewing thoob ntiaj teb. Uchimura, uas feem ntau siv tooj liab rau malt chim thiab fermentation tanks. Muaj ntau tshaj li kaum ob lub vats uas muaj peev xwm ntau dua 20, 000 nkas loos hauv qee lub tuam txhab nto moo. Hauv lub tank fermentation, txhawm rau kom txias, cov kav dej steel feem ntau yog siv los ua kom txias. Kuj tseem siv cov kav dej steel kom dhau dej vapor kom sov thaum brewing npias, thiab siv cov kav hlau los thauj cov kua cawv thiab lwm yam.
Cov hlau tseem yog feem ntau siv thaum distilling whiskey thiab lwm yam dab. Whiskey malt yog distilled ob zaug, siv ob loj tooj liab tseem.
tshuaj kho mob
Hauv kev lag luam kws tshuaj, txhua yam ntawm steaming, boiling thiab nqus cov khoom siv yog ua los ntawm cov tooj liab ntshiab. Zinc-nickel tooj liab yog siv dav hauv cov khoom siv kho mob. Copper alloy kuj yog ib yam khoom siv rau spectacle thav duab thiab lwm yam.